| Ampere's Law |
Relates magnetic circulation to enclosed current. |
| Capacitance |
Charge stored per unit potential difference: \(C=Q/\Delta V\). |
| Charge Quantization |
Charge comes in integer multiples of \(e\). |
| Conductor |
Material with free mobile charge carriers. |
| Coulomb's Law |
Inverse-square force between point charges. |
| Dielectric |
Insulating material that polarizes and increases capacitance. |
| Dipole Moment |
Vector \(\vec{p}=q\vec{d}\) describing charge separation. |
| Electric Field |
Force per unit positive test charge: \(\vec{E}=\vec{F}/q\). |
| Electric Flux |
Surface integral of normal component of \(\vec{E}\). |
| Electric Potential |
Potential energy per unit charge. |
| EMF |
Energy per unit charge supplied by a source: \(\mathcal{E}\). |
| Faraday's Law |
Induced EMF equals negative rate of change of flux. |
| Gauss's Law |
Electric flux through closed surface equals \(q_{\text{enc}}/\varepsilon_0\). |
| Insulator |
Material with negligible free charge carriers. |
| Kirchhoff's Rules |
Loop rule and junction rule for DC circuits. |
| Lorentz Force |
Force on a moving charge: \(\vec{F}=q\vec{v}\times\vec{B}\). |
| Magnetic Field |
Vector field produced by currents and changing electric fields. |
| Magnetic Flux |
Surface integral of normal component of \(\vec{B}\). |
| Maxwell's Equations |
Four coupled PDEs summarizing classical electromagnetism. |
| Ohm's Law |
Linear relation \(V=IR\) for many materials. |
| Potential Difference |
Work per unit charge between two points. |
| RC Time Constant |
\(\tau=RC\); exponential charging/discharging timescale. |
| Resistivity |
Intrinsic property opposing current: \(\rho = E/J\). |
| Semiconductor |
Material with intermediate, tunable conductivity. |
| Superconductor |
Zero-resistance state below critical temperature. |