Diagonalization
Source lecture(s): PHY621 Lec2
Intuition
If a matrix has enough eigenvectors, rotate coordinates so the matrix becomes diagonal.
Formal Definition
\(A\) is diagonalizable if \(A=PDP^{-1}\) where \(D\) is diagonal and \(P\) contains eigenvectors as columns.
Mathematical Formulation
\[A=P\,\text{diag}(\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_N)\,P^{-1}\]
Derivation
Write \(AP=PD\). The \(j\)-th column gives \(A\vec{v}_j=\lambda_j\vec{v}_j\), which is exactly the eigenvalue equation.
Worked Example
A diagonal matrix is already in the form \(D\); its eigenvectors are the standard basis.
Common Mistakes
- Assuming every matrix is diagonalizable.
- Using the same eigenvector for repeated roots without checking degeneracy.
Related Concepts
Quiz
Q1. What guarantees diagonalizability?
Answer
Distinct eigenvalues or a complete set of linearly independent eigenvectors.